Theorists!

Audience:

Ien Ang - 'audience must be constantly attracted and lured'

Maz - 'no one if forced to go to the cinema and pay for a ticket' but if no one did then films would not be made, therefore desire for consumer to purchase ticket must be created

Blumler and Katz - 'audience is free to use or play with text meaning' uses and gratifications model

Genre:

Steve Neale - 'genre instances of repetition and difference'

Gledhill - 'There are no rigid rules of inclusion or exclusion'

Altman - 'Genre can be looked at by a Symantec approach whereby certain signifiers suggest genre such as props, characters, locations'

Representation:

Barthes - Enigma Code theory as part of narrative codes theory - 'building up tension and leaving audience with unanswered questions works to entertain audience'

Chandler - Argues that 'representation is always constructed on aspects of reality'

Baker -Argues that 'stereotyping is inaccurate and misinterprets the real world'

Media Language:

Barthes - certain signs encode particular messages and ideologies' an audience understanding of signs comes from frequently told stories and beliefs in society

Fiske - denotation is what is filmed and connotation is how it is filmed

Stuart Hall - media language - meaning is not fixed by the producer, audiences can take their own reading, preferred reading is the one which the producer hoped audience would take

Narrative:

Todorov - Five stages narrative theory - Equilibrium, Disruption, recognition, attempt to fix, new equilibrium

Barthe - enigma code theory as part of narrative codes theory - tension built up, unanswered questions, entertains audience

Propp - Narrative includes stock characters, protagonist and antagonist narrative

Collective identity theorists:

Cohen - moral panic theory, representation of youth can create moral panic

Hebdige - Youth join subcultures in order to show opposition to society

Giroux - representations of youth are an empty category in the media as are constructed by adults, reflecting anxiety's of adults

Acland 1995 - representations of delinquent youths reinforces hegemony in society

Historical = quadrophenia 1979, harry brown 2009, grange hill 1978, this is England 2006

contempory sket 2011, ill manors 2012, young apprentice 2012 eries 3, sky news London riots 2011, attack the block 2011